An apple a day may keep the doctor away.

An apple a day may keep the doctor away. That’s a phrase often heard, especially in Western countries. And the latest research from experts at Cornell University proves this.
This study provides further evidence of the benefits of eating apples in reducing the risk of heart disease. Because inside the apple there is a double advantage for the benefit of cholesterol in the blood.

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Small cell lung cancer survival rate

Lung cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the United States, diagnosed more frequently than any other cancer, including breast cancer and prostate cancer. Between small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer—the two chief types of cancer of the lung and bronchus—an estimated 222,520 men and women in the US are diagnosed with this devastating disease each year, and a shocking 157,300 are expected to succumb to the disease in a calendar year.
Not all lung cancers are caused by smoking; it is believed that approximately 15% of all cases of lung cancer are unrelated to smoking altogether. Unfortunately, that still leaves almost 190,000 cases of this disease attributable to cigarettes and cigarette smoke—many of them fully preventable. Advocates look forward to a time when the only lung cancers diagnosed each year are those unrelated to smoking—the impact on lives, on families, on the public health, and on the economy if this day ever comes will be nothing shy of astounding.

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What is breast cancer?

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. The disease occurs almost entirely in women, but men can get it, too.
The remainder of this document refers only to breast cancer in women. For information on breast cancer in men, see our document, Breast Cancer in Men.

The normal breast

To understand breast cancer, it helps to have some basic knowledge about the normal structure of the breasts, shown in the diagram below.
The female breast is made up mainly of lobules (milk-producing glands), ducts (tiny tubes that carry the milk from the lobules to the nipple), and stroma (fatty tissue and connective tissue surrounding the ducts and lobules, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels).

Most breast cancers begin in the cells that line the ducts (ductal cancers). Some begin in the cells that line the lobules (lobular cancers), while a small number start in other tissues.

The lymph (lymphatic) system of the breast

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What is Cancer? What Causes Cancer?

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected.
Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors (except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream). Tumors can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and they can release hormones that alter body function. Tumors that stay in one spot and demonstrate limited growth are generally considered to be benign.

More dangerous, or malignant, tumors form when two things occur:

1. a cancerous cell manages to move throughout the body using the blood or lymph systems, destroying healthy tissue in a process called invasion
2. that cell manages to divide and grow, making new blood vessels to feed itself in a process called angiogenesis.

When a tumor successfully spreads to other parts of the body and grows, invading and destroying other healthy tissues, it is said to have metastasized. This process itself is called metastasis, and the result is a serious condition that is very difficult to treat.
In 2007, cancer claimed the lives of about 7.6 million people in the world. Physicians and researchers who specialize in the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer are called oncologists.

What causes cancer?

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Analysis of breast milk to detect breast cancer

Breast cancer can be detected earlier by examining cells in breast milk, according to presentations made ​​by the American Association for Cancer Research.

Analysis of epithelial cells may determine the risk of each mother to cancer.

Doctor Kathleen Arcaro at the University of Massachusetts Amherst said that about 80% of women give birth to children and non-invasive testing of breast milk for early detection of cancer indicators could provide early screening for most women when it is difficult to diagnose  breast cancer. Early diagnosis increases the chances of making the necessary treatment at time.

Breast cancer - things to know

What is breast cancer?
Every month a woman's breasts go through a series of temporary changes associated with menstruation, which include the formation of a nodule. Although most of these lumps are not cancerous, any lump that occurs should be examined by a doctor immediately.

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PICTURES OF TONGUE CANCER

Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a 32 year-old chronic smoker.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.

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Testicular cancer

Testicles are responsible for producing the male sex hormone as well as the sperm for the purposes of reproduction. They are located in a loose sac of skin underneath the penis and inside the scrotum. Testicular cancer is cancer of the testicles. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer for male patients between the ages of 15 and 34, although due to public embarrassment, testicular cancer is very low on the public awareness scale. There has yet to be a determining factor as to the direct cause of testicular cancer. Male patients from the age of 13 and up should be taught to do monthly self examinations to help detect the early stages of testicular cancer. Just like all cancers, early detection can lead to a higher survival rate.

The early signs of testicular cancer may be hard to detect. Initially there may not be any symptoms at all, however, in the secondary early stages, there may be a host of symptoms. If a patient is experiencing symptoms this does not mean that the cancer was detected too late for a good chance of survival.

Symptoms of testicular cancer may include unexplained fatigue, a sense of feeling generally ill, a sudden development of fluid in the scrotum, pain or discomfort in either the testicles or the scrotum, a dull ache in the abdomen or groin, a lump in one testicle, and a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. It is very uncommon for testicular cancer to affect both testicles at once and usually only attacks on testicle.

Risk factors for testicular cancer can include race, as more white males are affected than any other race, age, striking young men between the ages of 15 and 34, an undescended testicle, and HIV. Research has proven that young men with HIV or AIDS are more prone to developing certain cancers, including testicular cancer.

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skin cancer

There are three main types of skin cancer:

• Melanoma
• Basal cell skin cancer
• Squamous cell skin cancer

Of these, melanoma is the least common and most aggressive kind. There is a separate article on melanoma. The rest of this article is specifically about basal cell skin cancer and squamous cell skin cancer, which are collectively known asnonmelanoma skin cancer.

Understanding skin cancer

Skin cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that make up the skin. Normally, skin cells grow and divide to form new cells. Every day skin cells grow old and die, and new cells take their place.

Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the skin doesn't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. 

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